V. Lemoine, Etude d'ensemble sur les dents des mammifères fossiles des environs de Reims, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol.3, pp.263-290, 1891.

T. De-chardin and P. , Les mammifères de l'Eocène inférieur français, Annales de Paléontologie, vol.11, pp.1-116, 1922.

T. De-chardin and P. , Les mammifères de l'Eocène inférieur de la Belgique, Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, vol.36, pp.1-33, 1927.

M. Schlosser, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Siiugetierrestea us dem untersten Eocaen von Reims, Palaeontographica, vol.63, pp.97-144, 1920.

G. G. Simpson, The Fort Union of the Crazy Mountains field, Montana, and its mammalian faunas, United States National Museum Bulletin, vol.169, pp.1-287, 1937.

W. D. Matthew, Paleocene faunas of the San Juan Basin, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol.30, pp.1-510, 1937.

D. E. Russell, Les Mammifères paléocènes d'Europe. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, série C, Sciences de la Terre, vol.13, pp.1-324, 1964.

C. Muizon-de and R. L. Cifelli, The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the south American ungulates, vol.22, pp.47-150, 2000.

R. L. Cifelli, The origin and affinities of the South American Condylarthra and early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia), American Museum Novitates, vol.2772, pp.1-49, 1983.

R. L. Cifelli, The phylogeny of the Native South American Ungulates, Mammal Phylogeny. II Placentals, pp.195-216, 1993.

L. G. Marshall and C. De-muizon, The dawn of the age of Mammals in South America, National Geographic Research, vol.4, pp.23-55, 1988.

L. G. Marshall, S. D. Webb, J. J. Sepkoski, and D. M. Raup, Mammalian Evolution and the Great American Interchange, Science, vol.215, pp.1351-1357, 1982.

G. Prasad, O. Verma, A. Sahni, V. Parmar, and A. Khosla, A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India, Science, vol.318, p.937, 2007.

P. D. Gingerich, G. Abbas, and M. Arif, Early Eocene Quettacyon parachai (Condylarthra) from the Ghazij Formation (Pakistan): Oldest Cenozoic land mammal from South Asia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.17, pp.629-637, 1997.

P. D. Gingerich, M. Arif, S. T. Hussain, and M. A. Bhati, First Early Eocene land mammals from the Upper Ghazij Formation of the Sor Range, Proceedings of the third Geosas Workshop, pp.1-17, 1997.

P. D. Gingerich, M. K. Arif, W. C. Clyde, and J. Bloch, Machocyon abbasi, a new early Eocene quettacyonid (Mammalia, Condylarthra) from the middle Ghazij Formation of Mach and Daghari coal fileds, vol.30, pp.233-250, 1999.

S. Bajpai, V. V. Kapur, and J. Thewissen, Creodont and condylarth from Cambay Shale (early Eocene, Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, vol.54, pp.103-109, 2009.

S. Bajpai, V. V. Kapur, J. Thewissen, P. D. Debasis, and B. N. Tiwari, New early Eocene cambaythere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Vastan Lignite Mine (Gujarat, India) and an evaluation of cambaythere relationships, Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, vol.51, pp.101-110, 2006.

P. D. Gingerich, D. E. Russell, D. Sigogneau-russell, and J. L. Hartenberger, Chorlakkia hassani, a new Middle Eocene Dichobunid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contribution from the Musem of, Paleontology of Michigan, vol.25, pp.117-124, 1979.

K. Kumar, Anthracobune aijiensis nov. sp. (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Subathu Formation, Eocene from NW Himalaya, Geobios, vol.24, pp.221-239, 1991.

K. Kumar and A. Sahni, Eocene mammals from the Upper Subathu Group, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.5, pp.153-168, 1985.

J. Thewissen, P. D. Gingerich, and D. E. Russell, Artiodactyla And Perissodactyla (Mammalia) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan), Paleontology of Michigan, vol.27, issue.10, pp.247-274, 1987.

J. Thewissen, E. M. Williams, and S. T. Hussain, Eocene mammal faunas from Northern Indo-Pakistan, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.21, pp.347-366, 2001.

N. A. Wells and P. D. Gingerich, Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus ans species, Jozaria pallustris, from the Kuldana formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contribution from the Musem of, Paleontology of Michigan, vol.26, pp.117-139, 1983.

E. Gheerbrant, P. Tassy, and D. P. Domning, The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades, pp.84-105, 2005.

E. Gheerbrant, Primitive African ungulates, Condylarthra" and Paenungulata, pp.563-571, 2010.

M. J. Stanhope, V. G. Waddell, O. Madsen, D. Jong, W. W. Hedges et al., Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivores mammals. Proceeding of the National Academy of, Sciences of the USA, vol.95, pp.9967-9972, 1998.

O. Madsen, P. M. Deen, G. Pesole, C. Saccone, D. Jong et al., Molecular Evolution of mammalian aquaporin-2: further evidence that elephant shrew and aardvaak join the paenungulate clade, Molecular Biological Evolution, vol.14, pp.363-371, 1997.

O. Madsen, M. Scally, C. J. Douady, D. J. Kao, and R. W. Debry, Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals, Nature, vol.409, pp.610-614, 2001.

W. J. Murphy, E. Eizirik, . O'brien, . Sj, O. Madsen et al., Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian Phylogenetics, Science, vol.294, pp.2348-2351, 2001.

M. Dos-reis, J. Inoue, M. Hasegawa, R. J. Asher, and P. Donoghue, Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.279, pp.3491-3500, 2012.

E. Gheerbrant, Les mammifères paléocènes du Bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc). I.Introduction générale et Palaeoryctidae, Palaeontographica, A, vol.224, pp.67-132, 1992.

E. Gheerbrant, Les mammifères paléocènes du Bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc). II. Todralestidae (Eutheria, Proteutheria), Palaeontographica A, vol.231, pp.133-188, 1994.

E. Gheerbrant, Les mammifères paléocènes du Bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc). III. Adapisoriculidae et autres mammifères (Carnivora, ?Creodonta, Condylarthra, ?Ungulata et incertae sedis), Palaeontographica A, vol.237, pp.39-132, 1995.

E. Gheerbrant, J. Sudre, and H. Cappetta, A Palaeocene proboscidean from Morocco, Nature, vol.383, pp.68-71, 1996.

E. Gheerbrant, J. Sudre, S. Sen, C. Abrial, and B. Marandat, Nouvelles données sur les mammifères du Thanétien et de l'Yprésien du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc) et leur contexte stratigraphique, Palaeovertebrata, vol.27, pp.155-202, 1998.

E. Gheerbrant, J. Sudre, P. Tassy, M. Amaghzaz, and B. Bouya, Nouvelles données sur Phosphatherium escuilliei (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de l'Eocène inférieur du Maroc, apports à la phylogénie des Proboscidea et des ongulés lophodontes, Geodiversitas, vol.27, pp.239-333, 2005.

E. Gheerbrant, J. Sudre, H. Cappetta, C. Mourer-chauvire, and E. Bourdon, Les localités à mammifères des carrières de Grand Daoui, Bassin des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc, Yprésien: premier état des lieux, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol.174, pp.279-293, 2003.

E. Gheerbrant, J. Sudre, M. Iarochene, and A. Moumni, First ascertained African "condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata & cf. Phenacodonta) from the Earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.107-118, 2001.

J. Yans, M. Amaghzaz, B. Bouya, H. Cappetta, and P. Iacumin, First carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate Basin, Morocco; implications for dating and evolution of earliest African placental mammals, Gondwana Research, vol.25, pp.257-269, 2014.

L. Kocsis, E. Gheerbrant, M. Mouflih, H. Cappetta, and J. Yans, Comprehensive stable isotope investigation of marine biogenic apatite from the late Cretaceous-early Eocene phosphate series of Morocco, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.394, pp.74-88, 2013.

W. Segall, Morphological parallelisms of the bulla and auditory ossicles in some insectivores and marsupials, Fieldiana Zoology, vol.51, pp.169-205, 1970.

C. D. West, The relationship of the spiral turns of the cochlea and the length of the basilar-membrane to the range of audible frequencies in ground dwelling mammals, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.77, pp.1091-1101, 1985.

L. Gazin, A study of the early Tertiary gun Member of the Fort Union Formation in the condylarthran mammal Meniscotherium, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol.149, pp.1-98, 1965.

M. C. Mckenna, Z. Kielan-jaworowska, and J. Meng, Earliest eutherian mammal skull, from the Late Cretaceous (Coniancian) of Uzbekistan, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, vol.45, issue.1, pp.1-54, 2000.

P. G. Cox, Character evolution in the orbital region of the Afrotheria, Journal of Zoolology, vol.269, pp.514-526, 2006.

J. R. Wible, M. J. Novacek, and G. W. Rougier, New data on the skull and dentition in the Mongolian Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Zalambdalestes, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.281, pp.1-144, 2004.

R. M. Hunt and W. K. Korth, The auditory region of Dermoptera: morphology and function relative to other living mammals, Journal of Morphology, vol.164, pp.167-211, 1980.

N. Court and J. J. Jaeger, Anatomy of the periotic bone in the Eocene Proboscidean Numidotherium koholense: An example of parallel evolution in the inner ear of tethytheres. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 312, vol.II, pp.559-565, 1991.

T. E. Macrini, J. J. Flynn, D. A. Croft, and A. R. Wyss, Inner ear of a notoungulate placental mammal: Anatomical description and examination of potentially phylogenetically informative characters, Journal of Anatomy, vol.216, pp.600-610, 2010.

R. Macphee, Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.220, pp.1-214, 1994.

O. Ma, Anatomical and phylogenetic study of the osteology of the petrosal of extant and extinct artiodactylans (Mammalia) and relatives, Bulletin of the American Museum ofNatural History, vol.335, pp.1-206, 2010.

M. J. Novacek and A. R. Wyss, Higher-level relationships of the recent eutherian orders: morphological evidence, Cladistics, vol.2, pp.257-287, 1986.

P. Tassy and J. Shoshani, The Tethytheria: elephants and their relatives, Tetrapods, vol.2, pp.283-315, 1988.

M. Fischer and P. Tassy, The interrelation between Proboscidea -SireniaHyracoidea -Mesaxonia: the morphological evidence, Szalay FS, . Novacek M, pp.217-234, 1993.

J. H. Geisler, J. M. Theodor, M. D. Uhen, and S. E. Foss, Phylogenetic relationships of cetaceans to terrestrial artiodactyls, The evolution of artiodactyls, pp.19-31, 2007.

M. A. O'leary, B. A. Patel, and M. N. Coleman, Endocranial petrosal anatomy of Bothriogenys (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae), and petrosal volume and density comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls and outgroup, Journal of Paleontology, vol.86, pp.44-50, 2012.

J. Meng and R. C. Fox, Osseous inner ear structures and hearing in early marsupials and placentals, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.115, pp.47-71, 1995.

E. G. Ekdale and T. Rowe, Morphology and variation within the bony labyrinth of zhelestids (Mammalia, Eutheria) and other therian mammals, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontolology, vol.31, pp.658-675, 2011.

N. Court, Cochlea anatomy of Numidotherium koholense: auditory acuity in the oldest known proboscidean, Lethaia, vol.25, pp.211-215, 1992.

J. Benoit, M. Orliac, and R. Tabuce, The petrosal of Chambius (Macroscelidea, Afrotheria) from the Eocene of Djebel Chambi (Tunisia) and the evolution of the ear region in elephant-shrews, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol.11, pp.907-923, 2013.

J. Benoit, S. Merigeaud, and R. Tabuce, Homoplasy in the ear region of Tethytheria and the systematic position of Embrithopoda (Mammalia, Afrotheria), Geobios, vol.46, pp.357-370, 2013.

A. W. Crompton, The origin of the tribosphenic molar, Early Mammals, vol.50, pp.65-87, 1971.

J. Damuth and B. J. Macfadden, Body size in mammalian paleobiology: Estimation and biological implications, vol.397, 1990.

M. T. Silcox, J. I. Bloch, D. M. Boyer, M. Godinot, and T. M. Ryan, Semicircular canal system in early primates, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.56, pp.315-327, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00549509

P. E. Kondrashov and S. G. Lucas, Nearly Complete Skeleton of Tetraclaenodon (Mammalia, Phenacodontidae) from the Early Paleocene of New Mexico: Morpho-Functional Analysis, Journal of Paleontology, vol.86, pp.25-43, 2011.

J. Damuth, Problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements, Body size in mammalian paleobiology: Estimation and biological implication, pp.229-253, 1990.

P. A. Goloboff, J. S. Farris, and K. C. Nixon, TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis, Cladistics, vol.24, pp.774-786, 2008.

E. Gheerbrant, Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol.106, pp.10717-1072, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00548769

M. Pickford, B. Senut, J. Morales, P. Mein, and I. M. Sanchez, Mammalia from the Lutetian of Namibia. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Namibia, vol.20, pp.465-514, 2008.

J. R. Wible, G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek, and R. J. Asher, The eutherian mammal Maelestes gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and the phylogeny of Cretaceous Eutheria, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.327, pp.1-123, 2009.

E. L. Simons and P. D. Gingerich, New carnivorous mammals from the Oligocene of Egypt, Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, vol.4, pp.157-166, 1974.

E. Seiffert, A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.7, pp.1-13, 2007.

R. Tabuce, J. J. Jaeger, L. Marivaux, M. Salem, and A. A. Bilal, New Stem Elephant-Shrews (Mammalia, Macroscelidea) from the Eocene of Dur At-Talah, Libya. Palaeontology, vol.55, pp.945-955, 2012.

T. J. Robinson and E. R. Seiffert, Afrotherian origins and interrelationships: New views and future prospects, Current Topics in Developmental Biology, vol.63, pp.37-60, 2004.

R. J. Asher and E. R. Seiffert, Systematics of endemic African mammals, Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, pp.911-928, 2010.

W. V. Koenigswald, Unique differentiation of radial enamel in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda, Tethytheria), Historical Biology, vol.25, pp.183-192, 2012.

M. C. Mckenna and E. Manning, Affinities and Paleobiogeographic significance of the Mongolian Paleogene genus Phenacolophus, Géobios Mém Spécial, vol.1, pp.61-85, 1977.

R. Tabuce, L. Marivaux, M. Adaci, M. Bensalah, and J. L. Hartenberger, Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol.274, pp.1159-1166, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00357406

O. Madsen, M. Scally, D. J. Kao, R. W. Debry, and C. J. Douady, Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals, Nature, vol.409, pp.610-614, 2001.

W. J. Murphy, E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Y. P. Zhang, and O. A. Ryder, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals, Nature, vol.409, pp.614-618, 2001.

S. Zack, T. A. Penkrot, J. Bloch, and K. D. Rose, Affinities of the "hyopsodontids" to elephant shrews and a holarctic origin of Afrotheria, Nature, vol.434, pp.497-501, 2005.